Scad Programme

Archive for August, 2011

Defined in RFC 2281, HSRP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol in which routers are put into an HSRP router group. Along with dynamic routing protocols and STP, HSRP is considered a high-availability network service, since all three have an almost immediate cutover to a secondary path when the primary path is unavailable.

One of the routers will be selected as the primary (“Active”, in HSRP terminology), and that primary will handle the routing while the other routers are in standby, ready to handle the load if the primary router becomes unavailable. In this fashion, HSRP ensures a high network uptime, since it routes IP traffic without relying on a single router.

The hosts using HSRP as a gateway don’t know the actual IP or MAC addresses of the routers in the group. They’re communicating with a pseudorouter, a “virtual router” created by the HSRP configuration. This virtual router will have a virtual MAC and IP adddress as well.

The standby routers aren’t just going to be sitting there, though! By configuring multiple HSRP groups on a single interface, HSRP load balancing can be achieved.

Before we get to the more advanced HSRP configuration, we better get a basic one started! We’ll be using a two-router topology here, and keep in mind that one or both of these routers could be multilayer switches as well. For ease of reading, I’m going to refer to them only as routers.

R2 and R3 will both be configured to be in standby group 5. The virtual router will have an IP address of 172.12.23.10 /24. All hosts in VLAN 100 should use this address as their default gateway.

R2(config)#interface ethernet0

R2(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10

R3(config)#interface ethernet0

R3(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10

The show command for HSRP is show standby, and it’s the first command you should run while configuring and troubleshooting HSRP. Let’s run it on both routers and compare results.

R2#show standby

Ethernet0 – Group 5

Local state is Standby, priority 100

Hellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 sec

Next hello sent in 0.776

Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured

Active router is 172.12.23.3, priority 100 expires in 9.568

Standby router is local

1 state changes, last state change 00:00:22

R3#show standby

Ethernet0 – Group 5

Local state is Active, priority 100

Hellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 sec

Next hello sent in 2.592

Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured

Active router is local

Standby router is 172.12.23.2 expires in 8.020

Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05

2 state changes, last state change 00:02:08

We can see that R3 has been selected as the Active router (“local state is Active”), the virtual router’s IP is 172.12.23.10, and R2 is the standby router.

There are some HSRP values that you’ll need to change from time to time. What if we want R2 to be the Active router instead? Can we change the MAC address of the virtual router? I’ll answer those questions in the next part of this HSRP tutorial!

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Microsoft Word is an extremely easy tool to start using. However there are lots of interesting features “under the bonnet”. Some of these features can save you a lot of time when producing documents. I am amazed that they are not as well known as they should be. These top seven tips are my favourites and I cannot imagine life with Microsoft Word before I found them!

1.    Oops. I left Caps lock on!

We all know that feeling. You are typing away merrily and then you look up at your screen to realise that you had hit the Caps Lock button. Now everything you just typed is in the wrong capitalisation. Don’t despair. Highlight the text and goto the Format menu and select Change Case from the drop down menu. Then just select your desired case from the list provided, which will probably be tOGGLE cASE.

2.    While we are talking Cases.

Some useful shortcut keys:

Highlight your text and click Control Shift A to set it all to Upper Case.

Control Shift K will set it to Small capitals.

3.    Moving quickly around your document.

Try these shortcuts to get around your document quickly.

Control Alt Page Down: Next Page
Control Alt Page Up: Previous Page
Control Home: Go to the top of your document
Control Alt End: Go to the end of your document

Also, with later versions of Word there is a clever little button beneath the vertical scroll bar called the Select Browse Object. Click on this and select one of its options to browse through your document going straight to the next table, graphic, heading etc.

4.    I’m lost. Where was I?

Forgot where you just made a change in your document? Try pressing Shift + F5.
This will take you back to the last place you made a change. You can do this two more times to go back to the two previous changes.

5.    One click find

One of the annoyances of the Find screen when you are looking for occurrence of text in your document is the fact that it always seems to appear right over the text your are looking for! However there is no need to keep the screen open. Once you have used the Find command to find the first entry, close the Find screen. You should notice that the small double arrows below the vertical scroll bar on the right of Word have changed to blue. Click on these to go up and down your document finding your text.

6.    Numbering the rows in your tables

How many times have you created a table where you just want the first column to be a numbered list. It’s easy to do this quickly. Simply select the column and click on the Numbering button on your Word toolbar. The same thing works if you select a row and want to have numbering across your columns

7.    Fast Page breaks

My final tip is really simple and is probably the one I use the most. To insert a page break quickly, simply use CTRL + Enter